新華網(wǎng) 2019-07-24 13:54
國務(wù)院新聞辦公室7月24日發(fā)表《新時代的中國國防》白皮書，全文如下：
新時代的中國國防
China’s National Defense in the New Era
中華人民共和國
國務(wù)院新聞辦公室
（2019年7月）
The State Council Information Office of
the People’s Republic of China
July 2019
目錄
Contents
前言
Preface
一、國際安全形勢
I. International Security Situation
二、新時代中國防御性國防政策
II. China’s Defensive National Defense Policy in the New Era
三、履行新時代軍隊使命任務(wù)
III. Fulfilling the Missions and Tasks of China’s Armed Forces in the New Era
四、改革中的中國國防和軍隊
IV. Reform in China’s National Defense and Armed Forces
五、合理適度的國防開支
V. Reasonable and Appropriate Defense Expenditure
六、積極服務(wù)構(gòu)建人類命運共同體
VI. Actively Contributing to Building a Community with a Shared Future for Mankind
結(jié)束語
Closing Remarks
前言
Preface
當(dāng)今世界，人類日益成為利益交融、安危與共的命運共同體。當(dāng)今中國，正處于全面建成小康社會、開啟全面建設(shè)社會主義現(xiàn)代化國家新征程的關(guān)鍵階段，中國特色社會主義進入了新時代。
Today, with their interests and security intertwined, people across the world are becoming members of a community with a shared future. China is at a critical stage of completing the building of a moderately prosperous society in all respects and embarking on the new journey of building a modernized socialist country in an all-round way. Socialism with Chinese characteristics has entered a new era.
為宣示新時代中國防御性國防政策，介紹中國建設(shè)鞏固國防和強大軍隊的實踐、目的、意義，增進國際社會對中國國防的理解，中國政府發(fā)表《新時代的中國國防》白皮書。
The Chinese government is issuing China’s National Defense in the New Era to expound on China’s defensive national defense policy and explain the practice, purposes and significance of China’s efforts to build a fortified national defense and a strong military, with a view to helping the international community better understand China’s national defense.
一、國際安全形勢
I. International Security Situation
當(dāng)今世界正經(jīng)歷百年未有之大變局，世界多極化、經(jīng)濟全球化、社會信息化、文化多樣化深入發(fā)展，和平、發(fā)展、合作、共贏的時代潮流不可逆轉(zhuǎn)，但國際安全面臨的不穩(wěn)定性不確定性更加突出，世界并不太平。
The world today is undergoing profound changes unseen in a century. As economic globalization, the information society, and cultural diversification develop in an increasingly multi-polar world, peace, development and win-win cooperation remain the irreversible trends of the times. Nonetheless, there are prominent destabilizing factors and uncertainties in international security. The world is not yet a tranquil place.
國際戰(zhàn)略格局深刻演變
The International Strategic Landscape Is Going Through Profound Changes
國際力量加快分化組合，新興市場國家和發(fā)展中國家力量持續(xù)上升，戰(zhàn)略力量對比此消彼長、更趨均衡，促和平、求穩(wěn)定、謀發(fā)展已成為國際社會的普遍訴求，和平力量的上升遠遠超過戰(zhàn)爭因素的增長。但是，霸權(quán)主義、強權(quán)政治、單邊主義時有抬頭，地區(qū)沖突和局部戰(zhàn)爭持續(xù)不斷，國際安全體系和秩序受到?jīng)_擊。
As the realignment of international powers accelerates and the strength of emerging markets and developing countries keeps growing, the configuration of strategic power is becoming more balanced. The pursuit of peace, stability and development has become a universal aspiration of the international community with forces for peace predominating over elements of war. However, international security system and order are undermined by growing hegemonism, power politics, unilateralism and constant regional conflicts and wars.
國際戰(zhàn)略競爭呈上升之勢。美國調(diào)整國家安全戰(zhàn)略和國防戰(zhàn)略，奉行單邊主義政策，挑起和加劇大國競爭，大幅增加軍費投入，加快提升核、太空、網(wǎng)絡(luò)、導(dǎo)彈防御等領(lǐng)域能力，損害全球戰(zhàn)略穩(wěn)定。北約持續(xù)擴員，加強在中東歐地區(qū)軍事部署，頻繁舉行軍事演習(xí)。俄羅斯強化核、非核戰(zhàn)略遏制能力，努力維護戰(zhàn)略安全空間和自身利益。歐盟獨立維護自身安全的傾向增強，加快推進安全和防務(wù)一體化建設(shè)。
International strategic competition is on the rise. The US has adjusted its national security and defense strategies, and adopted unilateral policies. It has provoked and intensified competition among major countries, significantly increased its defense expenditure, pushed for additional capacity in nuclear, outer space, cyber and missile defense, and undermined global strategic stability. NATO has continued its enlargement, stepped up military deployment in Central and Eastern Europe, and conducted frequent military exercises. Russia is strengthening its nuclear and non-nuclear capabilities for strategic containment, and striving to safeguard its strategic security space and interests. The European Union (EU) is accelerating its security and defense integration to be more independent in its own security.
全球和地區(qū)性安全問題持續(xù)增多。國際軍控和裁軍遭遇挫折，軍備競賽趨勢顯現(xiàn)。防止大規(guī)模殺傷性武器擴散形勢錯綜復(fù)雜，國際防擴散機制受到實用主義和雙重標(biāo)準(zhǔn)危害，面臨新的挑戰(zhàn)。極端主義、恐怖主義不斷蔓延，網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全、生物安全、海盜活動等非傳統(tǒng)安全威脅日益凸顯。伊朗核問題解決出現(xiàn)波折，敘利亞問題政治解決仍面臨困難。各國安全的交融性、關(guān)聯(lián)性、互動性不斷增強，沒有哪一個國家能夠獨立應(yīng)對或獨善其身。
Global and regional security issues are on the increase. International arms control and disarmament efforts have suffered setbacks, with growing signs of arms races. The non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction remains problematic. The international non-proliferation regime is compromised by pragmatism and double standards, and hence faces new challenges. Extremism and terrorism keep spreading. Non-traditional security threats involving cyber security, bio-security and piracy are becoming more pronounced. The Iranian nuclear issue has taken an unexpected turn, and there is no easy political solution to the Syrian issue. The security of individual countries is becoming increasingly intertwined, interlinked and interactive. No country can respond alone or stand aloof.
亞太安全形勢總體穩(wěn)定
The Asia-Pacific Security Situation Remains Generally Stable
亞太各國命運共同體意識增強，通過對話協(xié)商處理分歧和爭端成為主要政策取向，推動本地區(qū)成為全球格局中的穩(wěn)定板塊。上海合作組織構(gòu)建不結(jié)盟、不對抗、不針對第三方的建設(shè)性伙伴關(guān)系，拓展防務(wù)安全領(lǐng)域合作，開創(chuàng)區(qū)域安全合作新模式。中國－東盟防長非正式會晤、東盟防長擴大會發(fā)揮積極作用，通過加強軍事交流合作等途徑促進相互信任。南海形勢趨穩(wěn)向好，域內(nèi)國家妥善管控風(fēng)險分歧。地區(qū)國家軍隊反恐協(xié)調(diào)機制等合作不斷深化。均衡穩(wěn)定、開放包容的亞洲特色安全架構(gòu)不斷發(fā)展。
Asia-Pacific countries are increasingly aware that they are members of a community with shared destiny. Addressing differences and disputes through dialogue and consultation has become a preferred policy option for regional countries, making the region a stable part of the global landscape. The Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) is forging a constructive partnership of non-alliance and non-confrontation that targets no third party, expanding security and defense cooperation and creating a new model for regional security cooperation. The China-ASEAN Defense Ministers’ Informal Meeting and the ASEAN Defense Ministers’ Meeting Plus (ADMM-Plus) play positive roles in enhancing trust among regional countries through military exchanges and cooperation. The situation of the South China Sea is generally stable and improving as regional countries are properly managing risks and differences. Steady progress has been made in building a coordinated counter-terrorism mechanism among the militaries of the regional countries. A balanced, stable, open and inclusive Asian security architecture continues to develop.
世界經(jīng)濟和戰(zhàn)略重心繼續(xù)向亞太地區(qū)轉(zhuǎn)移，亞太地區(qū)成為大國博弈的焦點，給地區(qū)安全帶來不確定性。美國強化亞太軍事同盟，加大軍事部署和干預(yù)力度，給亞太安全增添復(fù)雜因素。美國在韓國部署“薩德”反導(dǎo)系統(tǒng)，嚴(yán)重破壞地區(qū)戰(zhàn)略平衡，嚴(yán)重損害地區(qū)國家戰(zhàn)略安全利益。日本調(diào)整軍事安全政策，增加投入，謀求突破“戰(zhàn)后體制”，軍事外向性增強。澳大利亞持續(xù)鞏固與美國的軍事同盟，強化亞太地區(qū)軍事參與力度，試圖在安全事務(wù)中發(fā)揮更大作用。
As the world economic and strategic center continues to shift towards the Asia-Pacific, the region has become a focus of major country competition, bringing uncertainties to regional security. The US is strengthening its Asia-Pacific military alliances and reinforcing military deployment and intervention, adding complexity to regional security. The deployment of the Terminal High Altitude Area Defense (THAAD) system in the Republic of Korea (ROK) by the US has severely undermined the regional strategic balance and the strategic security interests of regional countries. In an attempt to circumvent the post-war mechanism, Japan has adjusted its military and security policies and increased input accordingly, thus becoming more outward-looking in its military endeavors. Australia continues to strengthen its military alliance with the US and its military engagement in the Asia-Pacific, seeking a bigger role in security affairs.
地區(qū)熱點和爭議問題依然存在。朝鮮半島局勢有所緩和但仍存在不確定因素，南亞形勢總體穩(wěn)定但印巴沖突不時發(fā)生，阿富汗國內(nèi)政治和解和重建艱難推進。部分國家之間的領(lǐng)土和海洋權(quán)益爭端、民族宗教矛盾等問題仍然存在，地區(qū)安全熱點問題時起時伏。
Regional hotspots and disputes are yet to be resolved. Despite positive progress, the Korean Peninsula still faces uncertainty. South Asia is generally stable while conflicts between India and Pakistan flare up from time to time. Political reconciliation and reconstruction in Afghanistan is making progress in the face of difficulties. Problems still exist among regional countries, including disputes over territorial and maritime rights and interests, as well as discord for ethnic and religious reasons. Security hotspots rise from time to time in the region.
國家安全面臨的風(fēng)險挑戰(zhàn)不容忽視
China’s Security Risks and Challenges Should Not Be Overlooked
中國繼續(xù)保持政治安定、民族團結(jié)、社會穩(wěn)定的良好局面，綜合國力、國際影響力、抵御風(fēng)險能力明顯增強，仍處于發(fā)展的重要戰(zhàn)略機遇期，同時也面臨多元復(fù)雜的安全威脅和挑戰(zhàn)。
China continues to enjoy political stability, ethnic unity and social stability. There has been a notable increase in China’s overall national strength, global influence, and resilience to risks. China is still in an important period of strategic opportunity for development. Nevertheless, it also faces diverse and complex security threats and challenges.
反分裂斗爭形勢更加嚴(yán)峻，民進黨當(dāng)局頑固堅持“臺獨”分裂立場，拒不承認體現(xiàn)一個中國原則的“九二共識”，加緊推行“去中國化”“漸進臺獨”，圖謀推動“法理臺獨”，強化敵意對抗，挾洋自重，在分裂道路上越走越遠。“臺獨”分裂勢力及其活動始終是臺海和平穩(wěn)定的最大現(xiàn)實威脅，是祖國和平統(tǒng)一的最大障礙。境外“藏獨”“東突”等分裂勢力活動頻繁，對國家安全和社會穩(wěn)定構(gòu)成威脅。
The fight against separatists is becoming more acute. The Taiwan authorities, led by the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP), stubbornly stick to “Taiwan independence” and refuse to recognize the 1992 Consensus, which embodies the one-China principle. They have gone further down the path of separatism by stepping up efforts to sever the connection with the mainland in favor of gradual independence, pushing for de jure independence, intensifying hostility and confrontation, and borrowing the strength of foreign influence. The “Taiwan independence” separatist forces and their actions remain the gravest immediate threat to peace and stability in the Taiwan Strait and the biggest barrier hindering the peaceful reunification of the country. External separatist forces for “Tibet independence” and the creation of “East Turkistan” launch frequent actions, posing threats to China’s national security and social stability.
國土安全依然面臨威脅，陸地邊界爭議尚未徹底解決，島嶼領(lǐng)土問題和海洋劃界爭端依然存在，個別域外國家艦機對中國頻繁實施抵近偵察，多次非法闖入中國領(lǐng)海及有關(guān)島礁鄰近?？沼?，危害中國國家安全。
China’s homeland security still faces threats. Land territorial disputes are yet to be completely resolved. Disputes still exist over the territorial sovereignty of some islands and reefs, as well as maritime demarcation. Countries from outside the region conduct frequent close-in reconnaissance on China by air and sea, and illegally enter China’s territorial waters and the waters and airspace near China’s islands and reefs, undermining China’s national security.
中國海外利益面臨國際和地區(qū)動蕩、恐怖主義、海盜活動等現(xiàn)實威脅，駐外機構(gòu)、海外企業(yè)及人員多次遭到襲擊。太空、網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全威脅日益顯現(xiàn)，自然災(zāi)害、重大疫情等非傳統(tǒng)安全問題的危害上升。
China’s overseas interests are endangered by immediate threats such as international and regional turmoil, terrorism, and piracy. Chinese diplomatic missions, enterprises and personnel around the world have been attacked on multiple occasions. Threats to outer space and cyber security loom large and the threat of non-traditional security issues posed by natural disasters and major epidemics is on the rise.
國際軍事競爭日趨激烈
Global Military Competition Is Intensifying
世界各主要國家紛紛調(diào)整安全戰(zhàn)略、軍事戰(zhàn)略，調(diào)整軍隊組織形態(tài)，發(fā)展新型作戰(zhàn)力量，搶占軍事競爭戰(zhàn)略制高點。美國進行軍事技術(shù)和體制創(chuàng)新，謀求絕對軍事優(yōu)勢。俄羅斯深入推進“新面貌”軍事改革，英國、法國、德國、日本、印度等國都在調(diào)整優(yōu)化軍事力量體系。
Major countries around the world are readjusting their security and military strategies and military organizational structures. They are developing new types of combat forces to seize the strategic commanding heights in military competition. The US is engaging in technological and institutional innovation in pursuit of absolute military superiority. Russia is advancing its New Look military reform. Meanwhile, the UK, France, Germany, Japan and India are rebalancing and optimizing the structure of their military forces.
在新一輪科技革命和產(chǎn)業(yè)變革推動下，人工智能、量子信息、大數(shù)據(jù)、云計算、物聯(lián)網(wǎng)等前沿科技加速應(yīng)用于軍事領(lǐng)域，國際軍事競爭格局正在發(fā)生歷史性變化。以信息技術(shù)為核心的軍事高新技術(shù)日新月異，武器裝備遠程精確化、智能化、隱身化、無人化趨勢更加明顯，戰(zhàn)爭形態(tài)加速向信息化戰(zhàn)爭演變，智能化戰(zhàn)爭初現(xiàn)端倪。
Driven by the new round of technological and industrial revolution, the application of cutting-edge technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI), quantum information, big data, cloud computing and the Internet of Things is gathering pace in the military field. International military competition is undergoing historic changes. New and high-tech military technologies based on IT are developing rapidly. There is a prevailing trend to develop long-range precision, intelligent, stealthy or unmanned weaponry and equipment. War is evolving in form towards informationized warfare, and intelligent warfare is on the horizon.
中國特色軍事變革取得重大進展，但機械化建設(shè)任務(wù)尚未完成，信息化水平亟待提高，軍事安全面臨技術(shù)突襲和技術(shù)代差被拉大的風(fēng)險，軍隊現(xiàn)代化水平與國家安全需求相比差距還很大，與世界先進軍事水平相比差距還很大。
Great progress has been made in the Revolution in Military Affairs (RMA) with Chinese characteristics. However, the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) has yet to complete the task of mechanization, and is in urgent need of improving its informationization. China’s military security is confronted by risks from technology surprise and growing technological generation gap. Greater efforts have to be invested in military modernization to meet national security demands. The PLA still lags far behind the world’s leading militaries.
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